Obesity is one of the most prominent health challenges in modern times, significantly affecting the lives of millions worldwide. Excess weight is associated with numerous health risks, such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and joint disorders, making obesity treatment crucial. While diet and exercise form the foundation of weight management, some individuals may require more effective and comprehensive solutions, such as bariatric surgeries, which have become the optimal choice for many who do not succeed with traditional methods.

What are Bariatric Surgeries?

Bariatric surgeries are procedures aimed at reducing stomach size or altering the digestive system’s function to help achieve significant and long-term weight loss. These surgeries are often the last resort for individuals suffering from severe obesity who struggle to lose weight despite following diet and exercise plans, or for those with obesity-related health conditions.

Types of Bariatric Surgeries

There are various bariatric surgery techniques, each differing in its mechanism and benefits. The most prominent include:

1. Sleeve Gastrectomy: Sleeve gastrectomy is one of the most popular and effective procedures for treating obesity. This surgery involves removing a significant portion of the stomach (approximately 80%), drastically reducing its size. As a result, the stomach’s capacity to hold food decreases, leading to reduced food intake and subsequent weight loss. Additionally, the procedure affects hormones that regulate hunger and satiety, significantly reducing the feeling of hunger.
2. Gastric Bypass Surgery: Gastric bypass is one of the oldest and most well-known bariatric surgeries. The procedure involves dividing the stomach into two parts: a very small upper pouch that can hold only limited amounts of food. The intestines are then rerouted to connect with the upper part of the stomach, reducing the absorption of food. This surgery helps decrease both the amount of food consumed and the absorption of calories, leading to significant weight loss.
3. Gastric Banding: In this procedure, an adjustable band is placed around the upper part of the stomach, temporarily reducing its size and limiting the amount of food that can be consumed. The band can be adjusted through a catheter under the skin to tighten or loosen the stomach as needed. While this surgery was popular in the past, it is less commonly used today due to the ongoing need for adjustments.
4. Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch (BPD/DS): This is a complex surgical procedure that combines part of a sleeve gastrectomy with a bowel bypass. The goal is to reduce nutrient absorption by rerouting food away from part of the small intestine. This surgery is highly effective for weight loss, but it requires careful medical management due to changes in digestion and nutrient absorption.
5. Minimally Invasive Surgery: These procedures use advanced techniques to perform surgery through small incisions, reducing pain and recovery time. Most modern surgeries are done using laparoscopic methods, allowing for faster recovery and less pain.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Obesity Surgery

Advantages:

1. Significant weight loss: Obesity surgeries are more effective than traditional diets and exercise, as they help in rapid and noticeable weight loss.
2. Improved heart and vascular health: By reducing excess weight, the risks of heart disease and stroke are lowered.
3. Improved blood sugar levels: Some procedures, such as gastric bypass, may help improve blood sugar levels and even cure type 2 diabetes in some patients.
4. Improved quality of life: By losing excess weight, the patient experiences better mobility and activity, and gains increased self-confidence.
5. Reducing joint problems: Weight loss reduces pressure on the joints, alleviating joint pain and decreasing the chances of developing conditions like osteoarthritis.

Disadvantages :

1. The surgical risks: Although generally safe, weight loss surgeries may carry health risks such as infection, bleeding, and blood clots.
2. Lifestyle changes: After the surgery, the patient must adhere to a strict diet and continuous health monitoring. They must also change their eating habits and ensure they take nutritional supplements.
3. Potential side effects: Such as vomiting, nausea, changes in nutrient absorption, or malabsorption of certain nutrients.
4. High costs: Despite the benefits, weight loss surgeries can be expensive and may not be covered by health insurance.

Preparation for the surgery

Before undergoing obesity surgery, the patient must undergo a comprehensive medical consultation with a specialized team, including surgeons, nutritionists, and psychologists. The doctor must ensure that the patient is in good enough health to undergo the procedure. The patient must also follow a pre-surgery diet to prepare the body for the operation and ensure the best results.

Recovery and Rehabilitation Period

The recovery period varies depending on the type of surgery performed. In most cases, patients need a few days of rest in the hospital to monitor their health condition, and full recovery may take weeks to several months. It is important to follow the doctor’s instructions during the initial period after the surgery to avoid any complications.

Conclusion

Bariatric surgeries are effective solutions for individuals suffering from obesity who have not succeeded with traditional weight loss methods. Although these surgeries carry some risks, they offer significant health benefits that can change the lives of those struggling with obesity-related health issues. It is essential to consult with a specialist and make decisions based on a comprehensive assessment of the patient’s condition and health needs.